-+Chemistry

Chemistry

Unit One: Production of Materials and shelter. As the cultural development of humans continued, they looked for a greater variety of materials to cater for their needs.
 * Contextual Outline: **Humans have always exploited their natural environment for all their needs including food, clothing

The twentieth century saw an explosion in both the use of traditional materials and in the research for development of a wider range of materials to satisfy technological developments. Added to this was a reduction in availability of the traditional resources to supply the increasing world population. As the fossil organic reserves dwindle, new sources of the organic chemicals presently used have to be found. In addition, chemists are continually searching for compounds to be used in the design and production of new materials to replace those that have been deemed no longer satisfactory for needs.

This module increases students’ understanding of the implications of chemistry for society and the environment and the current issues, research and developments in chemistry





= The acidic enviroment =

** 9.3 – The Acidic Environment: ** ** Δ. Construct word and balanced formulae equations of all chemical reactions as they are encountered in this module: ** – NOTE: In chemistry, [x] means “__concentration__ of x” in //moles per litre// (mol/L). – **EG:** [H3O+] means “concentration of H3O+ ions” in mol/L. – **Acid** reactions: – Formation of **hydronium**: – **Non-metal** (acidic) oxides: – **Metal** (basic) oxides: – Formation of **carbonic** acid: CO2 (g) + H2O (l) H2CO3 (aq) – Copper **complex-ions**:Cu(H2O)42+ (aq) + 4Cl־(aq) CuCl42־(aq) + 4H2O (l) – Decomposition of **dinitrogen tetroxide**: N2O4 (g) 2NO2 (g) – Decomposition of **calcium carbonate**: CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g) – Gaseous hydrogen chloride and ammonia react: – **Hydrochloric**:HCl (g) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl־ (aq) – **Nitric**: HNO3 (l) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO3- – **Sulfuric**: H2SO4 (l) + 2H2O (l) 2H3O+ (aq) + SO42־ – **Ethanoic**: CH3COOH (s) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + CH3COO־ (aq) – **Sulfur Oxides**: – **Nitrogen Oxides**: – Sodium hydrogen carbonate: – The carbonic acid/hydrogen carbonate ion buffer in freshwater lakes: – General **word-formula**: – Example: KISS booklet on acdic envrioment,
 * // BASIC reactions to remember: //
 * acid + base salt + water
 * acid + metal salt + hydrogen gas
 * acid + carbonate carbon dioxide gas + salt + water
 * H+ + H2O H3O+
 * // Reactions of various oxides with water: //
 * CO2 (g) + H2O (l) H2CO3 (aq) (//carbonic// acid)
 * SO2 (g) + H2O (l) H2SO3 (aq) (//sulfurous// acid)
 * 2NO2 (g) + H2O (l) HNO3 (aq) + HNO2 (aq) (//nitric// and //nitrous// acid)
 * P2O5 (g) + H2O (l) 2H3PO4 (aq) (//phosphoric// acid)
 * K2O (s) + H2O (l) 2KOH (aq) (//potassium hydroxide//)
 * Na2O (s) + H2O (l) 2NaOH (aq) (//sodium hydroxide//)
 * MgO (s) + H2O (l) Mg(OH)2 (aq) (//magnesium hydroxide//)
 * // Various EQUILIBRIUM reactions: //
 * // Non-Arrhenius acid/base reaction: //
 * HCl (g) + NH3 (g) NH4Cl (s)
 * // IONISATION of strong and weak acids: //
 * // Sources of sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere: //
 * Organic decomposition: 2H2S (g) + 3O2 (g) 2SO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)
 * Burning high-sulfur coals: S (s) + O2 (g) SO2 (g)
 * Smelting metal sulfides: 2PbS (s) + 3O2 (g) 2PbO (s) + 2SO2
 * Lightning: N2 (g) + O2 (g) 2NO (g)
 * Oxidation of nitrogen monoxide: 2NO (g) + O2 (g) NO2 (g)
 * // Amphiprotic substances: //
 * HCO3־ (aq) + H3O+ (aq) H2CO3 (aq) + H2O (l)
 * HCO3־ (aq) + OH ־ (aq) CO32־ (aq) + H2O (l)
 * // Natural Buffers: //
 * H2CO3 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + HCO3־ (aq)
 * // Esterification: //
 * alkanoic acid + alkanol ester + water
 * butanoic acid + pentanol pentyl butanoate
 * C3H7COOH (aq) + C5H11OH (l) C3H7COOCH2C4H9 (aq) + H2O (l)

Chemical monitoring and management [] HSC online link to this topic.

[] University of Sydney link to Chemistry related links.

HSC notes on the topic. Use for revision

Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation Slides summarising the topic:

Link to HSC: http://hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/options/shipwrecks/

Video on Electrolysis and the relation to the topic: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ksRW0ajZfWw (there's plenty of videos to check out for this topic on this channel too!)

Past HSC Papers Here are the link to some past HSC paper which will help you in your revision for HSC and trials.

Chemistry 2014 HSC paper: http://www.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/hsc_exams/2014/pdf_doc/2014-hsc-chemistry.pdf

Chemistry 2013 HSC paper: http://www.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/hsc_exams/2013/pdf_doc/2013-hsc-chemistry.pdf

Chemistry 2012 HSC paper:  http://www.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/hsc_exams/hsc2012exams/pdf_doc/2012-hsc-exam-chemistry.pdf

Chemistry 2011 HSC paper: <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">[] <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Chemistry 2010 HSC paper: <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">[]